See attachment
VOL. 131, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY e43
Importance of Social Determinants of Health and
Cultural Awareness in the Delivery of Reproductive
Health Care
ABSTRACT: Awareness of the broader contexts that influence health supports respectful, patient-centered
care that incorporates lived experiences, optimizes health outcomes, improves communication, and can help
reduce health and health care inequities. Although there is little doubt that genetics and lifestyle play an important
role in shaping the overall health of individuals, interdisciplinary researchers have demonstrated how the conditions
in the environment in which people are born, live, work, and age, play equally as important a role in shaping health
outcomes. These factors, referred to as social determinants of health, are shaped by historical, social, political,
and economic forces and help explain the relationship between environmental conditions and individual health.
Recognizing the importance of social determinants of health can help obstetrician–gynecologists and other
health care providers better understand patients, effectively communicate about health-related conditions
and behavior, and improve health outcomes.
Recommendations
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
makes the following recommendations for obstetrician–
gynecologists and other health care providers to improve
patient-centered care and decrease inequities in repro-
ductive health care:
• Inquire about and document social and structural
determinants of health that may influence a patient’s
health and use of health care such as access to stable
housing, access to food and safe drinking water, util-
ity needs, safety in the home and community, immi-
gration status, and employment conditions.
• Maximize referrals to social services to help improve
patients’ abilities to fulfill these needs.
• Provide access to interpreter services for all patient
interactions when patient language is not the clini-
cian’s language.
• Acknowledge that race, institutionalized racism, and
other forms of discrimination serve as social deter-
minants of health.
• Recognize that stereotyping patients based on pre-
sumed cultural beliefs can negatively affect patient
interactions, especially when patients’ behaviors are
attributed solely to individual choices without recog-
nizing the role of social and structural factors.
• Advocate for policy changes that promote safe and
healthy living environments.
Background
Traditional biomedical explanations of disease tend to
focus on biologic and genetic factors as well as indi-
vidual health behavior as determinants of who gets sick
and from what conditions. Although there is little doubt
that genetics and lifestyle play an important role in shap-
ing the overall health of individuals, interdisciplinary
researchers have demonstrated how the conditions in the
environment in which people are born, live, work, and
age,
104
Courtesy of Mark Tuschman.
CHAPTER 2
Health Determinants, Measurements,
and the Status of Health Globally
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, the reader will be able to do the following:
■ Describe the determinants of health
■ Define the most important health indicators and key terms related to measuring health
status and the burden of disease
■ Discuss the status of health globally and how it varies by country income group, region,
and age group
C
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
2
0
2
0
.
J
o
n
e
s
&
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d
.
M
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
r
,
e
x
c
e
p
t
f
a
i
r
u
s
e
s
p
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
U
.
S
.
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
l
a
w
.
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Comprehensive Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) – printed on 8/20/2021 10:46 AM via OHIO UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
AN: 2247214 ; Richard Skolnik.; Global Health 101
Account: s8447892.main.eds
105
M
Vignettes
aria is a poor woman who lives in the highlands of Peru. She is from an ethnic group
called Quechua. In Peru, poor people tend to live in the mountains and be indigenous, be
less educated, and have worse health status than other people. In Eastern Europe, the same
issues occur among ethnic groups that are of lower socioeconomic status, such as the Roma
people. In the United States, there are also enormous health disparities, as seen in the health
status of African Americans and Native Americans, compared to white Americans. If we want to
understand and address differences in health status among different groups, how do we
measure health status? Do we measure it by age? By gender? By socioeconomic status? By
level of education? By ethnicity? By location?
Yevgeny is a 56-year-old Russian male. Life expectancy in Russia in 1985 was about 64 years
for males and 74 years for females. It then fell to about 59 years for males and 72 years for
females in 2001, before rising again to 67 for males and 77 for females in 2016. What does
life expectancy at birth measure? What are the factors contributing to the earlier decline in life
expectancy at birth in Russia? What has happened to trends in life expectancy in other
countries? Which countries have the longest and shortest life expectancies, and why?
Sarah is a 27-year-old woman in northern Nigeria. While women in high-income countries very
rarely die of pregnancy-related causes and have a maternal mortality ratio of about 10 per
100,000 live births, the maternal mortality ratio for women in low-income countries like Sarah is
about 500 per 100,000 live births. This is 50 times higher than that in the best-off country
income group. What does the maternal mortality ratio suggest about a country? What does it
say about the status of women in that country? What does it indicate about the access of
wome
Overview
Useful Resource
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_writing-for-success/s14-07-comparison-and-contrast.html
https://human.libretexts.org
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/comparing-and-contrasting/
The discussion board for this module provides two articles. You are asked to compare and contrast the articles. There are several compare/contrast resources listed in the Instructional Materials folder for Module 3
Instructions
1. Read the two articles. The reference material follows. The complete articles are available in the Instructional Materials folder for Module 3. In the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2018). Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women Opinion No. 729, Importance of social determinants of health and cultural awareness in the delivery of reproductive care. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002459
These books are uploaded and required
Click here
to download the pdf
Skolnik, R. (2021). Health determinants, measurements, and the status of health globally.
Global health 101, (4th ed., pp. 104-133).
Click here
to download the pdf
You can also
read the ebook
.
2. Write two (2) paragraphs (250-300 words). One paragraph will compare the purpose and the audience in the two articles. The second paragraph will contrast the purpose and the audience of the two articles. Remember the distinction between comparison and contrast. See resources in the Module 3 Instructional Materials folder.
Two peer reviewed articles are required, and should be 5 years old or less (2016-2022). This is in addition to Skolnik and ACOG. This means at least 4 references total are required.
3. Cite at least two (2) articles in the initial post in addition to the ACOG and the Skolnik articles. Remember that references for Discussion Boards must also adhere to the APA Manual 7th edition formatting.
4. You will respond to the initial post of two (2) peers. Each response will be between 100-150 words. Each response will include at least one (1) article in addition to the ACOG and Skolnik article.
For the Initial post:
· You must post your initial posting before you can view your peers’ posts.
· The lenght of this discussion is to be 250-300 words.
· Two (2) (2) references are required for the initial post. These two (2) references are in addition to the ACOG and the Skolnik articles.
· To post the discussion board click on the “Click to Launch” link OR on the on “Discussions” tab in the menu bar on the left-hand side of the Blackboard screen. Post the material in the forum titled “M3-A3 Compare/Contrast Two Articles”
For the response post:
· Each student will read the information posted by peers and will write a response to two (2) peers. You cannot post a peer response on the same day that you posted your initial post
Rubric #1, Discussion Board and Response (for M1-A3, M2-A3, M3-A3, M4-A3)
Use the information in each of the boxes below each category, e.g., accomplished or proficient, to guide you in
meeting the goals of a specific assignment. The final number of points seen below the grid indicate your level
of accomplishment.
Discussion Board and Response
Area Evaluated
20 points each
Accomplished Proficient Needs Work Unacceptable
Organization
3 points maximum
Well organized
Clear introduction
and thesis specified
Intro, thesis, body,
and conclusion flow
easily & with clarity
Organized
Introduction & thesis
present. Lacks some
clarity
Missing one element,
i.e. intro, thesis,
body, conclusion
Lacks a cohesive
argument.
Missing more than
one element
Unorganized
No clear argument
Missing more than
two elements
Completeness
4 points maximum
Addresses all
questions and topics
with sufficient depth
Missed one question
or inadequately
addressed
Missed two
questions or used
unsubstantiated
claims
Three (3) or more
questions missed or
inadequately
addressed
Accuracy/support/
Integration of course
material
4 points maximum
No factual errors
No unsubstantiated
claims
Course material is
integrated to support
comments
No more than one (1)
factual error or
unsubstantiated
claim
Includes some course
material
Adds some additional
information but does
not add much to the
discussion
Three or more
factual errors
Unsubstantiated
claims
Limited or no
inclusion of course
material
Response to peer
3 points maximum
for each response
Constructive
comments
Adds additional
information & depth
to the discussion OR
takes discussion in
new, clear direction
Adds some additional
information but only
expands the depth of
understanding
slightly
May add some
information and does
not add
No new information
provided
Basically a repeat of
original post
Lacks substance
APA & MUGS
3 points maximum
No more than one (1)
error in mechanics of
writing or APA
format
Flow makes sense.
No more than three
(3) errors
No more than five (5)
errors
More than five (5)
errors
Interpretation of Final Points Accomplished: 20.00 – 18.00 points
Proficient: 17.99 – 16.00 points
Needs Work: 15.99 – 14.00 points
Unacceptable: 13.99 – 0 points
Why Choose Us
- 100% non-plagiarized Papers
- 24/7 /365 Service Available
- Affordable Prices
- Any Paper, Urgency, and Subject
- Will complete your papers in 6 hours
- On-time Delivery
- Money-back and Privacy guarantees
- Unlimited Amendments upon request
- Satisfaction guarantee
How it Works
- Click on the “Place Order” tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled.
- Fill in your paper’s requirements in the "PAPER DETAILS" section.
- Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline, and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.
- Click “CREATE ACCOUNT & SIGN IN” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record-keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.
- From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.