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Case Study 1
Please read each case study and answer the questions that follow. Submit your responses to the Dropbox.
Please read each case study and answer the questions that follow.
A group of researchers were interested in studying placebo effects of medication on schizophrenic symptoms. Placebo effects are psychological effects in which symptoms seem to improve with a non-active medication. That is, people think they are getting better because the medication is supposed to make them feel better. The researchers wanted to determine if the effects of the routine medication is any different from a sugar pill. The researchers set up an agreement with a local mental hospital. Schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to the placebo versus routine medication groups. Patients were given the placebo or routine medication daily for 5 days. The researchers recorded the symptoms of the patients over those 5 days. After the 5 days, all patients returned to their normal regimen. The patients were not told that they had been given a different medication for the course of the study. The patients’ families were also not informed of the participation in the study.
1. Was informed consent obtained? Is informed consent necessary? Why or why not?
2. Were the participants deceived about the true nature of the experiment? If so, was there a good reason to deceive participants?
3. Were the participants debriefed? If not, should they have been debriefed?
4. Was confidentiality breeched in any way?
5. Are there any other questionable ethical practices? Pay special attention to the APA Code of Ethics and Saint Leo University’s Core Values.
6. What, if anything, did the researchers do correctly?
A researcher is interested in the effects of caffeine on memory. She is also interested in how these effects may differ for different age groups. She chooses to examine 15 year olds, 25 year olds, 35 year olds, and 45 year olds. She asks each person to sign an informed consent form explaining that this study is interested in examining age and memory. Each participant is randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions: no caffeine, 2 cups of coffee, or 4 cups of coffee. Following consumption of the coffee, participants are asked to look at a list of words and then attempt to recall as many words on the list after a 10 minute break. Following the study, she explained to the participants what she was interested in and what she hoped to find. Later, she was asked by a colleague if a friend had participated in the study. The researcher told her colleague that yes the person had participated and had a really bad memory even without any caffeine.
1. Was informed consent obtained? Is informed consent necessary? Why or why not?
2. Were the participants deceived about the true nature of the experiment? If so, was there a good reason to deceive participants?
3. Were the participants debriefed? If not, should they have been debriefed?
4. Was con
Intro to Ethics
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Research Ethics: What Are They
Definition-A set of guidelines
Ethical Concerns
Relationship between Science and Society
Government funding of scientific research
Congressional influence on which studies are funded
Corporate funding of scientific research
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Research Ethics: What Are They
Professional Issues
Scientific Misconduct
Faking data
Other less serious issues as failing to present data or changing the design to meet pressure from a funding source
Developing an institutional culture of ethical behavior best way of combating this.
Treatment of Research Participants
APA Code of Ethics
General Principles
to guide and inspire psychologists towards the very highest ideals of the profession
Standards
establish specific rules of conduct
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Ethical Standards for Research
APA code of ethics— 10 guiding principles to direct behavior of researchers
Issues to consider when conducting research
Institutional approval must be obtained
Informed consent
Dispensing with it informed consent
Minors—need to obtain their assent
Passive versus active consent
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General Principles
Beneficence and Risk vs. Benefits
constantly weigh the costs/benefits of the research
Risks include physical, emotional, social risks
Fidelity and Responsibility
responsibility to society
Integrity
being extremely honest in all aspects of research
Justice
treat everyone with fairness, avoid bias
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
protecting the rights of those involved in research
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Guidelines for Research with Humans
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
At least 5 members with varying backgrounds and expertise.
Scientists and nonscientists, at least 1 person not affiliated with the institution.
Reviews proposals to protect rights and welfare of human participants.
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Guidelines for Research with Humans
Informed Consent
Documented description of the research project before participation
Briefly describes purpose of the study
Describes potential risks, discomforts, adverse effects
Told that they may withdraw at any time without penalty
Written informed consent is essential when participants are exposed to MORE THAN MINIMAL RISK
harm or discomfort experienced is not greater than what they might experience in daily lives or during routine physical/psychological tests.
If risks are more than minimal, individuals are considered to be “at risk.”
When individuals are at risk, researchers are ethically obligated to protect participants’ welfare.
Research that places participants at risk should not be carried out if there are alternative methods available that have lower risk.
Informed consent is not necessary when researchers observe public behavior.
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Guidelines for Research with Humans
Confidentiality
One way of reducing social risk
Data should be collected so that no identifiable aspects can be traced to any one individual
Assign participant numbers to dat
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